DYSLEXIA

DYSLEXIA

 

COMPILED BY :

1.      ALVIN CHRISNANINGTYAS      (201202003)

2.      DIKE AWAN A.                                (201202015)   

3.      LANTIP WIDODO                           (201202027)

4.      NUR RAHMAT R.                           (201202039)

5.      RISA WULANDARI                                    (201202047)

6.      SITI HALIMATUS Z.                      (201202052)

CLASS 4A NURSING DEPARTMENT

BHAKTI HUSADA MULIA COLLEGE FOR HEALTH

SCIENCE MADIUN

ACADEMIC YEAR 2013/2014

PREFACE

First at all, give thanks for God’s love and grace for us. Thanks to God for helping me and give me chance to finish this assignment timely. And I would like to say thank you to Mrs. Ditya Rohmadona Spd., Mhum as a lecturer who always teaches us and give us a lot of knowledge about how to practice nursing english well.

This assignment is the one of english task that composed of Diyslexia. I realize that assignment is not perfec, but I hope it can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is neded here to make this assignment to be better. Hopefully we are the collage of Nursing Department in Bhakti Husada Mulia College for health science Madiun can more proffesional.

Writer

         Group IV

CONTENT

  

Preface  .........................................................................................................................   2

Content  ........................................................................................................................   3

Introduction

   Background ................................................................................................................   4

   Statement of the problem ...........................................................................................   5

   Destination  ................................................................................................................   5

Discussion

A)    Definition of dyslexia………...............……….....................................................  6

B)    The caution of dyslexia …........……………………...........................................   7

C)    the sign and symptom of dyslexia .......................................................................   7

D)    The typically issues in dyslexic children ………………………....……….....…   9

E)     The characteristic of dyslexia  …......................................…….…………..…....  10

F)     The therapy of dyslexia …………..............………………………...…....……... 11

G)    The famous people who have dyslexia  ..............................................................  15

Conclusion

   Conclusion ...............................................................................................................   19

   Suggestion ................................................................................................................   20

Reference ....................................................................................................................   21

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

Human Nowadays we often see a lot of children who have difficulty learning . Basically learning difficulties experienced by students is not only capable, but also to the high students capability . In addition, learning difficulties can also be experienced by students who berkampuan average ( normal ) caused by certain factors that hinder the achievement of academic performance according to other reference .And also explained about the definition of learning difficulties . Learning disabilities is a condition characterized learning specific barriers to achieving learning outcomes.

Learning difficulties is not always caused by low intelligence factors ( mental disorder ) , but can also be caused by factors enumerated by non - intelligence . With this, high IQ does not necessarily guarantee success in learning , therefore in order to provide proper guidance to each of the students , then educators need to understand the problems associated with learning difficulties . The phenomenon of a student's learning difficulties usually obvious from nenurunya academic performance or learning . However , learning difficulties can also evidenced the presence of abnormal behavior premises ( Misbehavior ) A student like shouting in the classroom , megusik friends , fighting, often absent from school and often ran away from sekolah. Based on education experts , learning outcomes achieved by learners influenced by two main factors , ie factors contained within learners themselves called internal factors , and which are beyond the learner is called external .

Antiquity, the child can not read is a stupid child . Plain stupid . Ancient child is a child who likes to fancy nonsense . Today humans increasingly clever sort out which is stupid for not learning , or smart but can not express verbally or orally .
But sometimes we find symptoms of " dyslexia " , the term of the inability to read , in the child . Eg The child often " read " a book in a long time , but did not read the letter . Only detailed drawings to the working process of each actor in the picture . He read "b " to " d " , the number " 2 " to " 5 " if sorted together . He also likes to get confused between left and right . He can spell all the letters , but must look at the position of the tongue , teeth and lips I we give syllables such as " ba " or " da " . Meanwhile , record power over all the details of events and knowledge of children is very high .

B.     Statement Of The Problem

1.      What is the definition of dyslexia ?

2.      What is the caution of dyslexia ?

3.      What is the sign and symptom of dyslexia ?

4.      How is typically issues in dyslexic children ?

5.      How is the characteristic of dyslexia ?

6.      What is the therapy of dyslexia ?

7.      Who are the famous people who have dyslexia ?

C.    Destination

A.    General Destination

The purpose of this paper is to inform the knowledge to everyone especially for nurse. And also to make everybody know about dyslexia. This writer want to explain the dyslexia and discribe it.

B.     Special Destination

1.      To know the definition of dyslexia

2.      To know the caution of dyslexia

3.      To know the sign and symptom of dysleerxia

4.      To know the typically issues in dyslexic children

5.      To know the characteristic of dyslexia

6.      To know the therapy of dyslexia

7.      To know the famous people who have dyslexia

DISCUSSION

A.     Definition

Dyslexia comes from the Greek words " dys " meaning difficulty and " leksia " meaning of words . In other words , dyslexia means difficulty in processing words . Daily Executive Chairman of Indonesian Dyslexia Association Dr. Kristiantini Goddess , Sp A , explains , dyslexia is a neurobiological disorder on the basis of abnormalities and is characterized by difficulty in recognizing words with precise or accurate in spelling and the ability of encoding symbols . There are two kinds of dyslexia , namely developmental dyslexia and acquired dyslexia .
Developmental Dyslexia is congenital and due to genetic factors or heredity . Persons with this disorder dyslexia will bring his lifetime or can not be cured . Not only have difficulty reading , they also have problems spelling, writing , and several other aspects of language . However, children with dyslexia have normal intelligence level or even above average . With particular care , they experienced barriers can be minimized . And acquired dyslexia obtained due to disturbances or changes in the way the left brain to read .

Some experts also defines dyslexia as a condition of processing input or different information ( from normal children ) , often characterized by difficulty in reading that can affect areas of cognition , such as memory , processing speed input , timing capabilities , aspects of coordination , and control motion . May also occur the visual and phonological difficulties , and usually there are differences in the ability of the various aspects of development .

Dyslexia is a learning disability that primarily on the basis of a particular language , which affects the ability to learn the words and read though the child has the intelligence level of the average or above average , motivational and educational opportunities as well as a fairly normal sight and hearing . Dyslexia usually occurs in children with the power of vision and normal intelligence . Children with dyslexia usually able to talk normally , but have difficulty in interpreting the " spoken language " and writing .

Dyslexia tends to run and is more common in boys . Dyslexia is mainly caused by a brain disorder that affects the processing of sound and spoken language . This disorder is a congenital abnormality , which could affect the processing of words and spelling and writing disorders .

B.     The Caution Of Dyslexia

1.      The dyslexia congenital factor - trouble – learning

Children who have dyslexia usually found in families tend to have a family member who is left-handed . However , parents who have dyslexia does not automatically decrease the disorder to their children . Likewise , the left-handed children are not necessarily experiencing dyslexia disorder .

2.      Early hearing problems

If there is a problem with hearing and are not detected , the developing brain would be difficult to connect the sound or voice is heard with the letter or word that is seen . In fact , this ability is very important for the development of language skills - which can ultimately lead to long- term trouble - especially if dyslexia is not immediately addressed . Consultancy and handling of the experts is indispensable .

3.      Factor combinations

Dyslexia is also caused by a combination of heredity and hearing problems . If the cause of this is happening , the child was in very serious condition that needs to be thorough and ongoing treatment . If not treated , this disorder can last into adulthood .

C.    The Sign And Symptom Of Dyslexia

The symptoms of dyslexia vary according to the severity of the disorder and the age of the individual .

Pre - school age children :

Ø  It's hard to get a certain diagnosis of dyslexia before a child begins school , but many dyslexic individuals have a history of difficulties that began well before kindergarten . Children who show these symptoms have a higher risk of being diagnosed as dyslexic than other children . Some of these symptoms :

1.      Learning new words slowly

2.      Is the difficulty rhyming words , as in nursery rhyme ?

3.      Low letter knowledge

4.      Letter reversal , ex : ebfp ( normal )

Ø  Early elementary school -age children :

1.      Difficulty learning the alphabet or in order

2.      Difficulty with associating sounds with the letters that represent them ( sound - symbol correspondence )

3.      Difficulty identifying or generating rhyming words , or counting syllables in words ( phonological awareness )

4.      Difficulty segmenting words into individual sounds , or blending sounds to make words ( phonemic awareness )

5.      Difficulty with word retrieval or naming problems

6.      Difficulty learning to decode words

7.      Difficulty distinguishing between similar sounds in words ; mixing sounds in words polysyllabic ( auditory discrimination ) ( for example , " aminal " for animal , " bisghetti " for spaghetti )

Ø  Older elementary school children :

1.      Slow or inaccurate reading , even though these people can read where .

2.      Very poor spelling

3.      Difficulty reading out loud , reading words in the wrong order , the words jump and sometimes saying a word similar to another word

4.      Difficulty associating each word with the correct meaning

5.      Difficulty with time keeping and concept of time , when performing certain tasks

6.      Difficulties with organizational capability

7.      Due to fear of speaking incorrectly , some children become withdrawn and shy or become bullies out of their inability to understand social cues in their environment

8.      Difficulty understanding instructions quickly , after more than one command at a time or to remember the order of things

Children with dyslexia may fail to see ( and sometimes hear ) similarities and differences in letters and words , may not recognize the spacing that regulates the letters into separate words , and may not be able to sound out the pronunciation of foreign words .

One of the major misconceptions of dyslexia is writing words backwards or move letters when reading . It is a very small population of people with dyslexia . Teachers / instructors can better identify dyslexic students when they do not seem to fit writing intelligence level of the previous observations .

General signs :

Sentences often contain words which are similar - looking , but unrelated in place intended ( what / want, say / saw , help / held , run / fun , fell / fall , to / too , etc. )

D.    The  dyslexic children typically have problems following issues

1.      Problem phonological

The definition of phonological problem is a systematic relationship between letters and sounds . For example, they have difficulty distinguishing "spikes " with a " hammer " ; or they mistakenly understand the words that have almost the same sound , eg " fifty " to " fifteen " . This difficulty is not due to a hearing problem but related to input processing in the brain .

2.      Problem remembering the words

Most children with dyslexia have normal intelligence level or above normal , but they have difficulty remembering the words . They may be difficult to name his friends and chose to call him as " my friend at school " or " my friend is the man " . They may be able to explain a story but can not remember the answer to that question is simple .

3.      Problem formulation systematic / sequential

Dyslexic children have difficulty sequentially compose something for example the arrangement months of the year , days of the week or the arrangement of letters and numbers . They often " forget " the arrangement of activities that have been planned in advance , such as forgetting whether after school went back home or went straight to soccer practice . Though parents may even have been reminded also written in the agenda of its activities . They also have difficulty relating to estimates of the time . For example, they have difficulty understanding the instruction like this : " The time allotted is 45 minutes for the replay . Now at 8 am . Then 15 minutes before the time expires , the teacher will be knocking on the table one time " . Sometimes they were " confused " by a simple money calculations , for example, they are not sure there is enough money to buy a piece of cake or not .

4.      Issue short-term memory

Dyslexic children have difficulty understanding the long instruction in a short time . For example, the mother told the child to " Keep the bag in your room upstairs , change clothes , wash the feet and hands , then fell down again for lunch with my mother , but do not forget to take with her ​​math homework book yes " , then it most likely is not dyslexic children perform all the instructions perfectly because it is not able to remember all the words of his mother .

5.      Problem understanding the syntax

Dyslexic children often experience confusion in understanding grammar , especially if at the same time they use two or more languages ​​have different grammars . Children with dyslexia have problems when setting the language both grammatically different than the first language . For example, the Indonesian - known arrangement Explain Explained ( example : red bag ) , but known in English - Explained Explaining arrangement ( example : red bag ) .

E.     The Charateristic Of Dyslexia

The characteristics of children who have dyslexia :

1.      When reading orally , no words are missed , as well as the addition or deviation of words

2.      Children read slowly .

3.      Can not say the rhythm of the words correctly and proportionately .

4.      Difficulty in sequencing the rhythm of words correctly and proportionately .

5.      Difficult voiced phonemes ( units of sound ) and combine them into a word .

6.      Difficult to spell it correctly . It may be that children spell the word with a variety of speech , even though the word was on the same page .

7.      It is difficult to spell words or syllables correctly , turned upside down when sounding the letters that have a similarity form ( such as d - b , u - n , or m - n ) , as well as distinguish ambiguous letters or phonemes that have similar sounds ( are like : v and f ) .

8.      Read syllables correctly on one page , but the one on the other page .

9.      Have difficulties to understand the text they read . Perhaps the child can read correctly , but did not understand the text they read .

10.  Often upside down in writing or saying , for example : "p " to " lah " , " rabbits are on the table " to " rabbit stands on the table " .

11.  Ambiguous towards short words , such as : to , from , and , as well as so .

12.  Problems deciding which must use hands to write .

13.  Often forget to include capital letters or include them in the wrong place .

14.  Often forget to put the punctuation mark , such as : dot, comma , question mark , or exclamation mark .

15.  Write letters and numbers with less good results .

16.  Writing with the spacing on the letters in a word sequence . In addition , his writing is sometimes up and sometimes down .

17.  Placing paragraph incorrectly .

F.     The Therapy Of Dyslexia

1.      Try to keep really active in his side from time to time . People with dyslexia at any time will find difficulties . And if we let them find out for yourself , then when you find failure after failure , the patient will only become more and more stupid . That situation will worsen deviation.

2.      Give such encouragement to restore her confidence . People with dyslexia are likely to spend time in his quest to find a way to master a subject matter such as , reading , writing and calculations . This struggle will only survive if he keeps awake confidence

3.      Make it interesting when taught him to read . Almost all children with dyslexia do not like reading, because reading is the hardest work for him . Look for reading the contents of which are favored by the subject , so it will be interesting for the subject to continue mambacanya though difficult .

4.      Provide role models , such as the successful people are dyslexic . Their role models are very important to improve the spirit , and not always have to be Albert Einstein , because maybe it's too old-fashioned . Take, for example, Orlando Bloom , Jackie Chan , Mc Dreamy , Patrick Dempsey ( this is a successful male figures that dyslexia ) . For women can be given character : Selma Hayek , Jewel , Whoopi Goldberg which would evoke the spirit and hope of a cure in itself .

5.      Help them with the help of technology . Providing computer course for dyslexic children will not be very helpful . Give them software such as Dragon Naturally Speaking or Kurzweil 3000 . Let them learn to really master it .

6.      Use Multi - Sensory Approach Method . Wilson Reading System . Orton - Gillingham and Slingerland Approach is a multi - sensory approach to teaching . Teaching them with a multi - sensory approach will greatly assist this process recoverynya.Ke six ways you can use to help them .

Ø  If your baby is having trouble reading the technical , as is often distorted or confused reading words with the letter that looks like , you can help by:

1.      Begin to train with the introduction of letters , syllables , and then continues with a word consisting of two syllables , and so on . You can also make letters of colorful candles that he is more eager to learn .

2.      Perform dictation method . You try to dictate a word or phrase to him and let him write it . Or do the opposite , and let your child dictate the writing . Then ask him to read it again .

3.      Encourage your child to read a discourse that could be the source of reading books or picture books . Then do questions and answers about the discourse. Give the task to train the visual stimuli .

Ø  Special Exercises That Can be given

Little Teach Writing

Most children who suffer from dyslexia have poor handwriting . This is due to the motor control does not function properly . Steps that can be done include :

1.      Give It a picture book with a pattern of dots . Teach It to connect the dots to be an image . This serves to train their fine motor skills .

2.      Exercise keeps your child to write smooth , a pattern or sentence . Give a thick pencil ( eg 2B pencil ) when the pressure is too weak child write and pencil thin ( pencil H ) in children who are too strong pressure on the paper .

3.      Invite Little Play Train numbers and Memory To help remember the order of the day in a week , a month or a year in a series of numbers , you can help in the following ways :

4.      Do not ever forget to remind her every day of the current date or day .

5.      Do the games that train the ability to sort , arrange a game like numbers , sentences and so on .

6.      In spare time , ask her to retell a sequence of events that he experienced in one day or a short film that has just watched .

7.      If your child is hard to understand mathematics , such as putting the wrong numbers and difficult to count down or understand the symbol . Use the checkered paper to perform addition or subtraction . Replace symbols are difficult to understand the terms that are easily understood .

Ø  Encourage your child to understand the orientation

Another difficulty experienced by dyslexic children are often hesitant to understand the spatial orientation as the right - left , front - rear , or top - down . Not infrequently than those who do not understand the time and place where they are located . To improve the ability of orientation , you can apply the following steps :

1.      Encourage your child to participate in the parade or game play " Hold your left ear with your right hand " . This serves to practice orientation

2.      If your child is really difficult to tell where the right and left hand , mark them as bracelets on one hand .

3.      Read the book and help them when they want to read the book itself

4.      For pre-school age , teach rhymes , playing games and word puzzles will also help .

5.      Teach and practice with how to wear clothes

6.      Do not focus on the weaknesses , support activities that endeared

7.      Help for homework

8.      Increase their confidence

Ø  Other training

1.      Train children to write dial while the manner in which the child sitting and holding a pencil . Facilitate continued writing students distinguish between similar letters such as ' b ' with ' d ' . Students must first be shown how to write the letter continued as proficiency can not be obtained simply . Correct letter formation is very important and students should be trained to write letters about the same over and over again . For example, the letters with a rounded shape : " g , c , o , d , a, s , q " , zig zag shape : " k , v , x , z ' , the linear form : " j , t , l , u , y " , the shape is almost identical : " r , n , m , h " .

2.      Communication and common understanding of dyslexic children between parents and teachers

3.      Children sit in the front row in class

4.      Teachers always supervise / assist when children are given a task , for example, teachers ask open page 15 , make sure the child is not to be confused with open another page , for example page 50

5.      Teachers can tolerate dyslexic children when copying problem on the board so they have more time to prepare training ( teachers can provide questions in written form on paper )

6.      Dyslexic children who are already converting the effort to practice and learn to be awarded the appropriate and necessary learning process interrupted with adequate rest periods .

7.      Teachers and parents need to do a different approach when learning mathematics with dyslexic children , most of them prefer to use practical learning systems . In addition we need to realize that dyslexic children have a different way of solving a math problem , therefore it is not wise to " impose " a classic way of settlement if the stretcher unacceptable way by the child .

8.      Emotional aspects . Dyslexic children can be very sensitive , especially if they feel that they are different than their friends and get different treatment from his teacher . Even worse if their academic performance become so bad due to " differences " they have it. This will bring the children to be individuals with " self - esteem " low and insecure. And if this is not addressed will continue to get worse and complicate the process further therapy . Parents and teachers should be are the ones closest to raise his spirits , provide motivation and support every step of the effort shown dyslexic children . Never once compared dyslexic children with her ​​, or with relatives who are not dyslexic .

G.    The Famous People Who Have Dyslexia

1.      Leonardo da Vinci

Who does not know by Leonardo da Vinci , the creator of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper painter . Until now da Vinci's name is still legendary and discussed by many people . The famous painter is considered is a dyslexic . This is indicated by Da Vinci's handwriting .

Often Da Vinci wrote backwards so that the sentence can only be read through a mirror . It is common for the left-handed dyslexic . Author dyslexia are often unaware that the way they write is not the same as the average person . Even so , the design of Leonardo Da Vinci created a very detailed and detailed , as well as brilliant .

2.      Agatha Christie

You a fan of detective stories Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple ? Surely you 're familiar with the master storyteller Agatha Christie . Until now, the stories of Agatha Christie's mysteries have sold billions of copies. Agatha Christie also known to suffer from dyslexia .

But this did not stop him to be creative . Agatha was never tired of learning to write and create mystery novels are great and can always catch readers . Until now, his novels have inspired many novelists and filmmakers .

3.      Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali , the legendary boxer who has turned out to be dyslexic . Muhammad Ali himself admitted that while still in school , the teachers always called her stupid . This is because the small Ali Muhammad could not read the textbook .

Moreover , Muhammad Ali is also not acceptable to join the military because of poor language skills . Even so , this does not make Muhammad Ali surrendered with him. It turned him into one of the greatest and most popular boxer in the world . Muhammad Ali is also known for his legendary phrase : " Float like a butterfly and sting like a bee . "

4.      John Lennon

" You may say I'm a dreamer ... but I'm not the only one . " You are certainly familiar with the lyric singer . Yes , he is John Lennon , one of the legendary Beatle . With great talent in writing lyrics and songs, not many thought that Lennon was dyslexic .

Precisely because he suffered from dyslexia , Lennon managed to compose his own lyrics and songs . Dyslexia makes it difficult to remember the lyrics of his favorite song , so Lennon then made ​​the lyrics and composed the song itself .

5.      Steven Spielberg

Steven Spielberg , a director and filmmaker who gave birth to many great works . But it is also a dyslexic .

Spielberg explains about his fight against dyslexia and how the issue has been made ​​more powerful and determined to make it big through film career . Spielberg also did not let the lack of it interfere with his professional life .

6.      Albert Einstein

The name of Albert Einstein today as synonymous with the word ' genius ' . But who would have thought , the inventor of the theory of relativity , it is also a dyslexic . Even so , the facts do not make Einstein dyslexic surrender .

Einstein was known to suffer from dyslexia when he often fails to remember the simple things . Einstein could not remember the number of months in a year , but he could successfully complete the hardest mathematical formulas . Also known Einstein could not tie his shoelaces properly , but his genius proved to be successful and make a legend to this day .

7.      Henry Ford

Henry Ford was an entrepreneur who became the inventor of the Ford Motor Company . Most of you are probably only familiar with the last name that is now used as a car brand . As a child , Ford had to fight hard to be able to read and write . Even so , he is also known to have the ability to repair the goods .

Although Ford small hard to read , but she was fastest when it should fix the clock . One of the secrets to success is to never stop learning and never give up . Ford philosophy that failure is an opportunity to begin again , this time more diligent and better . No wonder , with that spirit , Ford became a successful businessman .

CONCLUSION

A.    Conclusion

From the discussion that there could be concluded as follows :

1.      Dyslexia is a learning disability that primarily on the basis of a particular language , which affects the ability to learn the words and read though the child has the intelligence level of the average or above average , motivational and educational opportunities as well as a fairly normal sight and hearing .

2.      The caution of dyslexia are :

a.       The dyslexia congenital factor - trouble – learning

b.      Early hearing problems

c.       Factor combinations

3.       Symptoms of dyslexia may be difficult to realize before the child goes to school , but some of the early symptoms can identify the problem. When the child reaches school age , teachers of children may be the first to recognize the problem.

4.      Children with dyslexia need individual teaching and treatment for dyslexia often involves multi-sensory educational programs . Moral support from parents is also an important part .

5.      The best treatment is direct instruction , which combines multisensorik approach .

6.      This type of treatment consists of teaching voice with various cues , usually separate , and ( if possible ) is part of the reading program .

B.     Suggestion

Of all the factors that cause dyslexia or reading difficulties are most important work in addressing this problem is the support of the people around the patient 's problem , especially sports . Every problem that occurs is not likely to be cured as long as there is a strong will .

 Dyslexia sufferers or people with learning difficulties others it has lacked in learning but that does not mean they bodh therefore we should not discriminate but we have to give motivation . As a teacher should be able to recognize and identify the characteristics of the ability of his students . This is the duty of the teacher as well as a second factor that can determine the success of treatment learning .

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http://www . dyslexia - indonesia.org /